"A 1950's Ghost Comes To Life In Albuquerque"

From Pilot News
Vol 10 Number 11
April 1982

The whine goes from an uncomfortable to the ear splitting. When it seems the din can't get, any louder it is joined by another to form a painful chorus of antique Westinghouse J-34 jet engines. Still another joins in and then still another. Finally, the whine becomes more serious and their bare aluminum wings and airframe to which the engines are attached begins to move toward the active runway, watched by a phalanx of restorers. After more than two decades of storage, the sold McDonnell 220 bizjet has come back to life and a new future.

Since being ferried to Albuquerque, N.M. in the early 1960s, the 220 has been a familiar habitant to the Great Southwest A survivor of lawsuits, time, and fate, it Was thought, the airplane would never fly again. Now being restored under the eyes of a Washington farmer with, ideas of putting the airplane to the use to which it was intended, the McDonnell 220 may yet find its place under the aeronautic sun.

The sole McDonnell 220, built in the mid 1950s as one of the first bizjets has occupied its corner at the Albuquerque International Airport. Since the mid sixties. It was designed as a military transport but lost the intended Air Force contract to the Lockheed JetStar. Unable to find enough civilian buyers to, justify the construction of a. new manufacturing plant, McDonnell sold the airplane and a line of owners since were unable to get the huge hand-made airplane back into the air. Its current owner, who purchased the craft on a Friday the 13th in 1975, has only now been able to put together the financing needed to bring the airplane back to life. By the time this is read. The first test flight should be made and preparations under way to take the aircraft to the Hanover Air Show in West Germany where it is to make its debut. From that point the airplane will be again be at the mercy of marketing that dealt it such a cruel blow its first time around.

The aircraft is currently owned by Richard, Archer, a wheat farmer from Washington state. Archer is one. Of four owners of the airplane since McDonnell released it. After the military's rejection of the airplane and an unsuccessful attempt at marketing it to business users, the airplane was sold as a tax write off to the Flight Safety Foundation for a token $1. The airplane was flown to Dear Valley Airport near Phoenix for crash testing.

FSF had just run an instrumented DC-7C into a dirt, hill to test the crash worthiness of American civil aircraft. However, either because of the unique nature of the craft or someone's softheartedness, the airplane was never tested.

Instead, five years later it was sold to Allied Aircraft Sales in Tucson for $10,000 and then without so much polishing the windshield, Allied turned around and sold it to Richard Durand of Westernair in Albuqurque for $1900. Durand eventually sold it to Archer.

Since sold by McDonnell the airplane has only flown once ­ from Deer Valley airport to Albuquerque Intercontinental Airport where it now sits. That flight was quite an experience, according to newspaper articles of the period. The first time fuel was pumped into, the airplane's dehydrated wing "More leaks than a shot guned Lister Bag" appeared. Under the full weight of the 2,800 gallons, the nose gear collapsed with a sigh. A wingtip creamed by a gas truck years before was straightened out with a hammer and the long nose mounted pitot tube, bent over the years by airport kids "chinning, themselves had to be arm wrestled back into relative horizontal. When an engine was started, a small hole was burned in the asphalt beneath.

But the flight, although technically successful, caused some ire at McDonnell. Part of the company's contract with FSF stipulated the airplane would never be flown again. When McDonnell officials heard of Durand's flight, the aerospace giant apparently pressured FSF to sue Durand to keep the airplane forever on the ground. Newspaper stories state there was a "no-flight clause" in the sales contract turning the airplane over to Westernair.

A temporary restraining order was issued. Within a week, however, the order was reversed. The judge said it was up to normal FAA airworthy inspection procedures to determine the aircraft's flying merit.

Archer saw the airplane advertised in an aviation magazine one morning. He said by 9 p.m. that evening he was in Albuquerque and by the next morning, Friday the 13th, he had bought the airplane for $160,000. He said he bought the craft because he saw possibilities in marketing such a vehicle, something he wanted to try with some airplane even before he knew about the 220. "I had the frame and the airplane was the picture," he said.

Archer's father was an active private pilot who would let his three year old son handle the controls. Archer began flight training in 1948 at age 16. Though involved in many enterprises in Prescott, Wash., his primary vocation is that of a wheat farmer.

Archer said he wanted to restore the 220 to flying condition in 1975 but couldn't find enough funding to begin the project.

"Bankers hid behind their doors when I came in with this one," he said. Eventually, he sold part of his farm to finance the extensive restoration work.

With his son Tom, Archer contracted with Mark Wilson of Steward-Davis, Inc., a Long Beach, California aviation engineering company to oversee the restoration of the 220. Wilson makes his living working on special aviation projects. The 220 restoration team was put together at Altair in Albuquerque.

Work on the airplane began in October. The airplane was essentially dismantled with each system and part removed, inspected and overhauled if needed. It was a massive job. All four antique jet engines were overhauled and the 1950s-vintage electrical and hydraulic system inspected and repaired as needed. All bearings in the control systems were removed and replaced and the moving control surfaces were removed, inspected, balanced and put back onto the plane. The landing gear was swung 50 times in preparation for the first flight.

The work was done without reference, to a single maintenance manual. The restoration group kept notes on the systems that can later be the basis for the manuals.

In early 1982, the remanufactured jet engines were started and taxi tests begun. Wilson said military and airline pilots passing by on Albuquerque's long runway were agape at the apparently shrunken DC-8 as it performed its first tests. Several problems delayed the first flight including a fuel leak. A recalcitrant nose wheel shimmy damper delayed the latest attempt. The nose wheel, apparently the same later used on the McDonnell F-101 fighter, was removed, overhauled and put back onto the airplane.

While the work was staggering, any idea of flying the airplane rested on the basic soundness of the airplane. Despite years of storage, the airplane's airframe, wings and major systems were still strong. Wilson said the airplane held up so well because it was designed by engineers who previously worked on nothing but military aircraft. The airplane's wing forgings, he said, rival that of the bigger Boeing 727 The basic airframe is rated to withstand 9 Gs of load, making the airplane capable of aerobatic flight. The pressurization system is also an example of the airplane's heft. While most bizjets have pressurization of about five psi, the 220's is rated for normal use up to 12 psi with an expected failure point of about 15 psi. Such a system could allow the airplane to fly higher than 70,000 ft.

The immediate plan for the 220 is to accumulate 10 hours flying over a desolate area of New Mexico for crew orientation and to run down maintenance squawks. After that, more hours are to be flown to convince the FAA that the 220 is capable of flying above 18,000 ft, into IFR conditions and terminal control areas. The aircraft will remain licensed under the experimental category as McDonnell abandoned the certification process shortly after losing the contract to Lockheed.

Archer's immediate goal is to take the airplane to the Hanover Airshow to "let people come to him for a change" with ideas about the airplane's potential use. At the very least Archer thinks the airplane can be an airshow success or someone's personal transport. Archer thinks the airplane can do more, however.

Because of its large size, sturdy construction, redundant systems and four engine capability, the 220 could be used as a test bed for new engine types - three conventional engines used for primary power. A lot of test equipment can be put into the airplane's large interior. Experimental avionics could also be tested in the airplane's wide performance envelope.

Also, there is a possibility of using the 220 as the basis a manufacturing program. Because the corporate world has caught up with the capability of the 220, the airplane may today have a market niche that wasn't there in 1956. Because the airplane is overly engineered, the fuselage could be lengthened for more seating. In conjunction with newer and more efficient engines including modern turboprops, the airplane could someday be the basis of a new air carrier airplane.

Wilson said that surprisingly few changes would have to be made to bring the airplane up to modern standards. McDonnell pioneered many new systems that are now state-of-the-art. One major change that would have to be made would be replacing the 1950s-vintage single-cylinder hydraulic system with a modern two-cylinder type. The single-tire main landing gear would have to be replaced with modern low-pressure dual units.

Modern avionics would be needed as would some type of new technology engines. Changing the airplane's large air conditioning and pressurization unit located behind the aft cabin wall with a more modern unit would free enough space to install several new seats. The old-fashioned inward-opening main door would need to be replaced with a modern outward-opening unit.

Biggest loser in a contract race - a short history

It was during the decade of the sock hop and ducktail haircut that Air Force generals decided they needed something faster than the outmoded C-47 transport. This, after all, was the period of the Cold War when minutes counted.

But while nearly everyone agreed a new and faster transport was needed, there were procedural problems-there were no legal means to issue specifications on a new military aircraft unless it had tactical value. A small, jet-powered, general-carrying airplane would not be considered tactical by Congress.

This caused the generals to try something clever that not only solved their problems but let to the first generation of small business jets.

The generals' solution was the UTX/UCX program (Utility-Trainer Experimental and Utility-Cargo Experimental). While the generals could not specifically ask for-and pay for-a new non-tactical design, they could buy such a craft without Congressional hassle if the design already existed. So the generals merely invited builders to submit a design developed with private money.

Such an arrangement was not the first choice among the manufacturers. Usually, the military reimbursed the companies for development cost even if the designs were not accepted. Under this plan a company whose design was not bought might face ruin.

But the generals "fly before you buy" philosophy offered one great advantage - the winning company was promised big contracts within five years of acceptance.

But even with the chances of losing big, McDonnell, Lockheed and Fairchild in August 1956 entered the UCX race with North American and Beech going the UTX route.

The UTX was intended to be a four-place, twin engine, combat readiness utility jet trainer. Within five years the Air Force would need 1,200 units of this type. The UCX would be a four-jet, eight to ten-place transport with a range of 2,500 miles. The Air Force said it could use about 300 of these.

It was the conception of the bizjet.

The first company out of the race was Beech in the UTX category. Actually, Beech was never really in the running. While its imported Morane-Saulnier MS-760 twin jets met most of the specs and had been in the country since 1955, it lacked the "all weather" stamp of approval needed. Rather than modifying the design, Beech took the airplane on a nation-wide tour to attract civilian customers.

This left North American, who had not even begun work on a prototype, the sole contender in the UTX. Unless the famous company screwed it up badly, it was an easy winner.

The North American design being worked on in Los Angeles was coded Model 265. With an outlay of $10 million, it would turn that idea into an aluminum form called the T-39 Sabreliner to general aviation. It made its first flight Sept. 16, 1958 and within a month the Air Force ordered seven.

Meanwhile, the UCX was the cause of some cutthroat competition among the "military-industrial complex giants."

McDonnell's entry was the Model 119 - a four engine, swept wing aircraft not unlike the two engine B-66 model. The 119 featured engines slung under the wing on individual pods. The engine intakes were squared - allegedly to help prevent the engine sucking in rocks, debris and lineboys.

Lockheed was hard at work on what later would be known as the JetStar. Its four engines were arranged in pairs and mounted on horizontal pods near the tail.

The Fairchild entry had a high wing and was called the M-185. The design was in the planning stages when Fairchild officials decided they could make more money concentrating on their F-27 program.

After about two years of development, North American was awarded the UTX and Lockheed received military orders for the JetStar that would last well into the sixties. The NA Sabreliner went commercial in 1962, and is still a good selling bizjet today. The JetStar's commercial program ended in 1979. Fairchild even had one order for their airplane that never made it off the drawing board.

This left McDonnell the only company to have built a prototype and lose the competition. While the other companies got out early and saved several million dollars, the St. Louis company ended up with an $11 million orphan.

Back in 1956, however, McDonnell officials thought they would win the tough competition. Company documents of the period show the "first team" was put on the program's design and development. In all, 34 configurations were put through wind tunnel tests until the swept wing, pod mounted engine version was decided upon.

Heading McDonnell's UCX team was Ralph Harmon, an engineering manager who had more than 22 years of engineering experience on transport aircraft. Fred Steele, with more than 14 years, was project engineer. Gil Fleming, 25 years experience, was manufacturing manager and Robert Hage, project engineer for systems on the Boeing 707 project, was made general manager and vice president of McDonnell.

The project seemed so important that in December 1958, McDonnell established a transport division whose main object was to develop the Model 119. This was a big step, indeed, for a purely military-oriented company.

The McDonnell team thought they had the airplane the generals wanted. The airplane, with its almost 58 feet of wingspan and 67 ft. length, featured the four underwing pylon engine placement chosen on larger transport aircraft of the period. These engine pods and pylons were strengthened to support the aircraft and protect the wing fuel tanks and fuselage pressure vessel from damage in a wheels-up landing.

The airplane's interior was flexible enough to accommodate a basic ten passenger "executive configuration" that could be changed to accommodate 26 passengers.

Engineers felt the 119 could outperform the Lockheed prototype. The 119 was designed to cruise at more than 450 knots at an altitude of 45,000 feet for 2,200 miles against a 70-knot headwind. A proposed turbofan version with thrust reversers and additional fuel tanks with a proposed top speed of 490 knots and would have the capability of operating from 5,000-ft runways.

Engineering on the airplane continued through 1957. On July 5, 1957, a preliminary mockup was unveiled. On Halloween Day 1957, the Air Force made an informal survey of the program. On March 19, 1958, a 45 member Air Force Selection board Evaluation Team arrived at McDonnell to write its official report. The team's expressed pleasure made McDonnell's personnel sure they were working on the winning design.

Before assorted press and broadcast reporters the airplane was rolled out of the St. Louis factory on Jan. 30, 1959. On Feb. 11, test pilots George Mills and F.H. (Buck) Rogers took the plane on its first flight, which lasted 48 minutes.

About nine hours were put on the airframe by the end of the month. The airplane was being tested with Westinghouse J-34 engines instead of the specified, but unavailable, Pratt & Whitney JT-12 powerplants. By May the 119 and the Lockheed design met at the Edwards Air Force Base in California for flight evaluations.

During May, the Air Force flew the designs about 50 hours each to determine general flight characteristics. During this time, McDonnell officials were putting the last touches on a written report that detailed price and delivery goals. This report, and the USAF flight evaluation, was submitted to the military along with a letter requesting an initial contract for five aircraft. Finally, in Autumn 1959, the Air Force announced its intentions and awarded the contract to Lockheed.

The announcement caused Lockheed's stock to increase several points and McDonnell's to fall.

To recoup their losses, McDonnell commissioned in Winter 1959 several consulting firms to assist McDonnell's sales efforts. The airplane was considered for use as a bombardier and navigation trainer, a high altitude electronic countermeasures trainer, and an airways and air communication service aircraft, an advanced interceptor radar navigation trainer, an electronics flying test bed and as a high speed transport for hauling priority combat troops, cargo or the emergency evacuation of casualties. Since the cabin had a wide, flat floor and 74 inches of headroom throughout the cabin, it was felt the lane had enough flexibility for thing.

But when the military turned down these ideas, McDonnell, who until that time had never built a design for civil aviation, began to explore the non military sales potential of the airplane.

McDonnell's first such inroad was begun shortly before the Air Force announced its decision to buy the JetStar. McDonnell and Pan American Airways had drawn up a basic agreement in 1959 that considered a five year lease of 170 Model 119 aircraft. By this time the prototype had made more than 105 flights for 210 hours.

McDonnell and Pan American's arrangement never culminated because no other civil orders came through. It was not profitable enough to start an assembly line for 170 leased aircraft.

The company also was considering other various uses for the airplane including that of a business transport and airplane sellers were thus dispatched.

At the suggestion of McDonnell board chairman J.S. McDonnell, the Model 119 designation was canceled and the airplane reidentified as the 220 as the company had just begun its second twenty years in existence. A new exterior paint scheme was added as well as a new custom interior. It was in this configuration that the airplane became the first business, non-airline jet to be FAA certified.

Throughout 1963 many proposals and programs were instituted to sell enough 220 s to begin quantity production. In their turn, the biggest 750 U.S. corporations, foreign and domestic airlines, leasing companies, federal agencies, foreign governments, and wealthy individuals were contacted by hungry McDonnell salesmen.

By 1963, however, it had gotten down to the "complete package" sales promotion - buy the prototype, design rights and tooling for one low price. There were no takers.

The airplane served as a VIP company transport until January, 1965, when it was donated to the Flight Safety Foundation. In March, 1965, the airplane was ferried to Phoenix, Ariz., the site of the foundation's research facility. The airplane had barely 230 hours on its airframe.